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Abstract. Paleoclimatic records provide valuable information about Holocene climate, revealing aspects of climate variability for a multitude of sites around the world. However, such data also possess limitations. Proxy networks are spatially uneven, seasonally biased, uncertain in time, and present a variety of challenges when used in concert to illustrate the complex variations of past climate. Paleoclimatic data assimilation provides one approach to reconstructing past climate that can account for the diversenature of proxy records while maintaining the physics-based covariancestructures simulated by climate models. Here, we use paleoclimate dataassimilation to create a spatially complete reconstruction of temperatureover the past 12 000 years using proxy data from the Temperature 12k database and output from transient climate model simulations. Following the last glacial period, the reconstruction shows Holocene temperatures warming to a peak near 6400 years ago followed by a slow cooling toward the present day, supporting a mid-Holocene which is at least as warm as the preindustrial. Sensitivity tests show that if proxies have an overlooked summer bias, some apparent mid-Holocene warmth could actually represent summer trends rather than annual mean trends. Regardless, the potential effects of proxy seasonal biases are insufficient to align the reconstructed global mean temperature with the warming trends seen in transient model simulations. 

Abstract Substantial changes in terrestrial hydroclimate during the Holocene are recorded in geological archives and simulated by computer models. To identify spatial and temporal patterns during the past 12 ka, proxy records sensitive to changing precipitation and effective moisture (precipitation minus evaporation) were compiled from across the globe (n = 813). Proxy composite timeseries were computed for 30 of the IPCC AR6 regions and compared to two full‐Holocene transient model simulations (TraCE‐21ka and HadCM3) and twelve mid‐Holocene CMIP6 simulations. We find that throughout Northern Hemisphere monsoon regions, proxy and model simulations indicate wetter‐than‐modern conditions during the early and mid‐Holocene while Southern Hemisphere monsoon regions were drier. This insolation driven trend toward modern values began approximately 6,000 years ago, and the clear agreement among proxy records and models may reflect the large magnitude of precipitation change and consistent atmospheric circulation forcing mechanism for these regions. In the midlatitudes, the pattern of change is less certain. Generally, proxy composites show a wetting trend throughout the Holocene for the northern midlatitudes, possibly due to strengthening westerlies from an increasing latitudinal temperature gradient. However, simulations indicate that the magnitude of change was relatively low, and for portions of North America, there is a proxy‐model disagreement. At high latitudes, hydroclimate is positively correlated with temperature in both proxies and models, consistent with projected wetting as temperatures rise. Overall, this large proxy database reveals a coherent pattern of hydroclimate variability despite the challenges associated with reconstructing hydroclimate fields. 

Abstract. The penultimate deglaciation (PDG, ∼138–128 thousand years before present, hereafter ka) is the transition fromthe penultimate glacial maximum (PGM)to the Last Interglacial (LIG, ∼129–116 ka).The LIG stands out as one of the warmest interglacials of the last 800 000 years (hereafter kyr),with high-latitude temperature warmer than today and global sea level likely higher by at least 6 m.Considering the transient nature of the Earth system,the LIG climate and ice-sheet evolution were certainly influenced by the changesoccurring during the penultimate deglaciation.It is thus importantto investigate, with coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs),the climate and environmental response to the large changesin boundary conditions(i.e. orbital configuration, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, ice-sheet geometry and associated meltwater fluxes) occurring during the penultimate deglaciation. A deglaciation working group has recently been set up as part of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) phase 4, with a protocolto perform transient simulations of the last deglaciation (19–11 ka; although the protocol covers 26–0 ka).Similar to the last deglaciation, the disintegration of continental ice sheets during the penultimate deglaciation led to significant changesin the oceanic circulation during Heinrich Stadial 11 (∼136–129 ka).However, the two deglaciations bear significant differences in magnitude and temporal evolution of climate and environmental changes. Here, as part of the Past Global Changes (PAGES)-PMIP working group on Quaternary interglacials (QUIGS), we propose a protocol to perform transient simulations of the penultimate deglaciationunder the auspices of PMIP4.This design includes time-varying changes in orbital forcing, greenhouse gas concentrations, continental ice sheets as well as freshwater input from the disintegration ofcontinental ice sheets.This experiment is designed for AOGCMs to assessthe coupled response of the climate system to all forcings.Additional sensitivity experiments are proposed to evaluate the response to each forcing.Finally, a selection of paleo-records representing different parts of the climate system is presented, providing an appropriatebenchmark for upcoming model–data comparisons across the penultimate deglaciation.